Andreyeva T, Sturm R, Ringel JS: Moderate and severe obesity have large differences in health care costs. Obes Res. 2004, 12: 1936-1943.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sturm R: The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs. Health Aff. 2002, 21: 245-254. 10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.245.
Article
Google Scholar
Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, VanItallie TB: Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1530-1538. 10.1001/jama.282.16.1530.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Daviglus ML, Liu K, Yan LL, Pirzada A, Manheim L, Manning W, Garside DB, Wang R, Dyer AR, Greenland P, Stamler J: Relation of body mass index in young adulthood and middle age to medicare expenditures in older age. JAMA. 2004, 292: 2743-2749. 10.1001/jama.292.22.2743.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Freedman DS, Kahn LK, Serdula MK, Galuska DA, Dietz WH: Trends and Correlates of class three obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. JAMA. 2002, 288: 1758-1761. 10.1001/jama.288.14.1758.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH: The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1523-1529. 10.1001/jama.282.16.1523.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Suwaidi JA, Higano ST, Holmes DR, Lennon R, Lerman A: Obesity is independently associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001, 27: 1523-1528. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01212-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Candigliota M, Ventura G, Iacopino S, Sinopoli F, Mattioli PL: Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin C. Diabetes. 2001, 50: 159-165. 10.2337/diabetes.50.1.159.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Luscher TF, Tanner FC, Tschudi MR, Noll G: Endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease. Ann Rev Med. 1993, 44: 395-418. 10.1146/annurev.me.44.020193.002143.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Petrofsky JS, Bweir SM, Lee S, Libarona M: Does local heating really help diabetic patients increase circulation. J Orthop Neuro Surg. 2003, 21: 40-46.
Google Scholar
Petrofsky J, Lee S, Cuneo M: Effects of aging and type 2 diabetes on resting and post occlusive hyperemia of the forearm; the impact of rosiglitazone. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2005, 5: 4-10.1186/1472-6823-5-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hodge AM, Zimmet PZ: The epidemiology of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994, 8: 577-599.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kingwell BA, Formosa M, Muhlmann M, Bradley SJ, McConell GK: Type 2 diabetic individuals have impaired leg blood flow responses to exercise. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 899-904. 10.2337/diacare.26.3.899.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. 1998, Geneva, World Health Org
Google Scholar
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL: Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002, 288: 1723-1727. 10.1001/jama.288.14.1723.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sciacqua A, Candigliota M, Ceravolo R, Scozzafava A, Sinopoli F, Corsonello A, Sesti G, Perticone F: Weight loss in combination with physical activity improves endothelial dysfunction in human obesity. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 1673-1678. 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1673.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gardner AW, Killewich LA, Katzel LI, Womack CJ, Montgomery PS, Otis RB, Fonong T: Relationship between free-living daily physical activity and peripheral circulation in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology. 1999, 50: 289-97.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, Farkouh ME, Porter JM, Sackett DL, Strandness DE, Taylor LM: Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation. 1996, 94: 3026-49.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Expert Panel: Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight an obesity in adults. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158: 1855-1867. 10.1001/archinte.158.17.1855.
Article
Google Scholar
Gardner AW, Simeminski DJ, Killewich LA: The effect of cigarette smoking on free-living daily physical activity in older claudication patients. Angiology. 1997, 48: 947-955.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Brook RD, Bard RL, Rubenfire M, Ridker PM, Rajagopalan S: Usefulness of visceral obesity (waist to hip ratio) in predicting vascular endothelial function in healthy overweight adults. Am J Cardiol. 2001, 88: 1264-1269. 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02088-4.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Baldeweg SE, Pink AM, Yudkin JS, Coppack SW: The relationship between obesity, vascular reactivity and endothelial dysfunction in subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes. 2000, S134-S135. Suppl 2
Martin WH, Ogawa T, Kohrt WM, Malley MT, Korte E, Kieffer PS, Schechtman KB: Effects of aging, gender, and physical training on peripheral vascular function. Circulation. 1991, 84: 654-664.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olive JL, DeVan AE, McCully KK: The effects of aging and activity on muscle blood flow. Dyn Med. 2002, 1: 2-10.1186/1476-5918-1-2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McVeigh GE, Brennan GM, Johnston GD, McDermott BJ, McGrath LT, Henry WR, Andrews JW, Hayes JR: Impaired endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation in patients with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992, 35: 771-776.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Salvetti A: Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998, 97: 2222-2229.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ting HH, Timini FK, Haley EA, Roddy MA, Ganz P, Creager MA: Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1997, 95: 2617-2622.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Gerhard M, Roddy M, Creager S, Creager M: Aging progressively impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans. Hypertension. 1996, 27: 849-853.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Tanaka H, Seals DR: Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000, 102: 1351-1357.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamdy O, Ledbury S, Mullooly C, Jarema C, Porter S, Ovalle K, Moussa A, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Economides PA, Veves A, Horton ES: Lifestyle modification improves endothelial function in obese subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 2119-2125. 10.2337/diacare.26.7.2119.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heitzer T, Just H, Muszel T: Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation. 1996, 94: 6-9.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hashimoto M, Akishita M, Eto M, Kozaki K, Ako J, Sugimoto N, Yoshizumi M, Toba K, Ouchi Y: The impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation in obese men with visceral fat accumulation. Int J Obes. 1998, 22: 477-484. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800620.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Yudkin JS: Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes. 2003, 27: S25-S28. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802496.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Biugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, D'Andrea F, Molinari AM, Giugliano D: Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation. 2002, 105: 804-809. 10.1161/hc0702.104279.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar