The purpose of this study was to measure blood flow in the carotid and femoral arteries, heart rate and blood pressure in response to postural challenge in older adults. A second purpose was to determine if older men and women have different cardiovascular responses to a postural challenge such as tilt.
Methods
Thirty-seven healthy elderly men and women participated in this study (69–82 years old). All subjects had similar physical activity levels. Postural challenge was induced by a 60° tilt at the level of the waist. Continuous carotid blood flow and femoral blood flow was measured with Doppler ultrasound.
Results
Carotid blood flow was significantly reduced 17% in both men and women immediately after tilt (p < 0.001), and by 3.2% two minutes after tilt (p < 0.001). Femoral blood flow decreased 59.4% in men and 61% in women immediately after tilt (p < 0.001), and remained significantly decreased two minutes after tilt by 21% (p <0.001). Heart rate increased by 15% in men (p < 0.001), and 26% in women immediately after the tilt (p < 0.001). Heart rate returned to resting values within two minutes in both men and women. Response to tilt was not significantly related to self-report physical activity levels or to six-minute walk time.
Conclusion
A postural challenge induced larger changes in the femoral artery compared to the carotid artery. There were no differences between men and women to a tilt table test except for differences in heart rate response. There was no difference in the blood flow responses to postural challenge with physical activity level or between healthy older men and women.
Background
Changes in body position invoke large changes in hydrostatic pressure, which induce large changes in blood volume within the body [1]. The cardiovascular system in healthy individuals has the ability to rapidly respond to such 'postural challenges'. Detection of abnormal cardiovascular responses to postural challenge has been proposed as an early sign of cardiovascular disease. Tilt tests, either of the whole body or only above the waist, have been used to study the cardiovascular response to changes in blood volume [2–4]. Most studies that have used tilt tests report the responses after two minutes when heart rate and blood pressure have stabilized. Few studies, however, have evaluated the immediate cardiovascular response to tilt, which is important as the immediate responses are larger in magnitude than the stabilized responses, and may be more sensitive to changes in cardiovascular function [4–7].
While heart rate and blood pressure changes are routinely measured in response to postural challenge, actual changes in arterial blood flow have been less well studied. Approximately 75% of the blood flow to the brain comes from the common carotid arteries, thus, regulation of flow immediately after a postural challenge is highly regulated and very important to maintain function [8]. However, changes in the femoral artery might be expected to be just the opposite, with large changes in blood flow to assist in maintaining blood flow to the brain.
Aging and cardiovascular disease can impair the speed and response of the cardiovascular system to postural challenge [4, 9, 10]. Gender may also influence vascular kinetics. Gender differences have been found in body weight, heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial compliance. For example, men have larger carotid arteries, and intima-media thickness and wall stress of large arteries affecting blood flow are generally larger in men [11, 12]. However, fluctuations in estrogen hormone levels in women affect arterial distensibility [13]. In addition, arterial stiffness, which has also been shown to be modulated by sex hormones, may affect blood flow velocity in conduit arteries [13]. These differences between men and women may affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure [12] as well as the ability to withstand cardiac events and respond to orthostatic stress [14, 15]. Since gender may have a profound influence on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, it is important to understand the effects of healthy aging and gender on autonomic control of the cardiovascular function [14].
The purpose of this study was to measure the immediate response of carotid and femoral artery blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure responses to postural challenge in older adults. A second purpose was to determine if there were gender differences in heart rate, blood pressure, or blood flow responses after a tilt in elderly individuals, and if levels of physical activity correlate with cardiovascular responses to tilt.
Methods
Subjects
Thirty-seven subjects between the ages of 69 and 82 years volunteered to participate in the study. Nineteen subjects were male and eighteen subjects were female. All subjects had similar physical activity levels. All subjects reported being Caucasian except for one African-American female. The subjects reported to the laboratory after eating a low fat meal, and did not take any medications the morning of the test. Eleven out of thirty-seven subjects took high blood pressure medication regularly, but did not take it the morning of the test. Only one subject was a smoker and eleven more reported being ex-smokers. Subjects were excluded from the study if they had a pacemaker, suffered from severe back pain, were under alpha-blocker medication or were diagnosed with heart disease six months prior to participating in the study. The study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board at the University of Georgia and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Protocol
The study included one testing session between 8:00–11:00 am in a quiet, comfortable room (temperature 20–22°C). The subjects rested for at least 10 minutes to allow stabilization, and then the testing procedure proceeded as follows.
Postural Challenge Test
The subjects were placed in a supine position for 5 minutes prior to testing. Baseline measurements were obtained for blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure during 5 minutes of quiet rest. The tilt response was produced by manually lifting a hinged table 60 degrees in 1.5–2 seconds. Subjects were placed so that the hinge of the table corresponded to their waist. Subjects were not aware of when the tilt procedure was to be conducted. Once tilted, the subject was maintained in the upright position for 2 minutes while all measurements were being collected. The subject was then placed back in the supine position for at least 5 minutes or until all measurements stabilized, whichever was shorter. When all parameters stabilized, the tilt was repeated. The order of carotid and femoral artery blood flow measurements were alternated for different subjects throughout the whole experiment. Data for reproducibility was collected using several tilts to determine baseline measurements and the magnitude of change to tilt. Previous data collected in our laboratory suggested high levels of reproducibility of carotid and femoral measurements (≥95%) and no evidence of an order effect in repeated tilts (p > 0.05). Further, others have reported high reproducibility and sensitivity during heap-up tilt testing or blood flow testing using this technique [16, 17].
Vascular Measurements
Blood flow measurements of the right common carotid and femoral arteries were measured continuously by use of a quantitative Doppler Ultrasound (LOGIQ 400 CL, General Electric) [18]. A linear array transducer was used with frequencies of 6–9 MHz. The imaging sites were located 2–3 centimeters proximal to the carotid bifurcation in the right common carotid artery, and on the upper third of the thigh in the right superficial femoral artery. Diameters were measured in the axial view during diastole and B mode images were saved to magnetic optical disk for analysis. Images were later analyzed to determine vessel size. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound was recorded in the longitudinal view using an insonation angle between 50° – 60°. The velocity gate was set to include the entire arterial diameter. Time average maximum blood velocity (TAMAX) was measured for each cardiac cycle and recorded throughout the experiment. Blood flow was calculated as the product of vessel cross sectional area and the TAMAX. All subjects had ankle-brachial indexes (ratio of brachial artery systolic pressure over posterior tibial systolic pressure) determined after the postural challenge.
Heart rate was measured continuously by a Biopac 1100 electrocardiogram (Biopac, Inc). Blood pressure was measured every thirty seconds with automated blood pressure devices (Colin 7000, Colin, Inc. and Accutor 3, Datascope Inc).
Physical Fitness and Physical Activity
The subjects performed a six-minute walk test in a quiet corridor to assess their levels of physical fitness. The subjects walked back and forth in a 50-meter corridor for six minutes at their own pace, and distance walked was calculated. Self-reported physical activity over the previous 30 days was recorded using the Yale Physical Activity Survey [19]. Activity was quantified by kilocalories and frequency of physical activity. Both measures, the six-minute walk and the Yale physical activity survey, were used to measure any correlations between physical activity and the cardiovascular responses to tilt.
Statistical Analysis
An independent t test was applied to determine if there were any differences between men and women on heart rate, blood pressure, or blood flow immediately or 2 minutes after tilt. A paired t-test was used to determine if there were any significant changes before and after tilt. Pearson product moment correlations were conducted to determine relationships between variables. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all statistical analyses and results were expressed as means ± standard deviation.
Results
Subject Demographics
The physical characteristics and physical fitness of the subjects are shown in Table 1. There were no differences in age or health status between the older male and female subjects. The ankle brachial index for the tested leg averaged 1.28 (range of 0.91–1.72). There were no statistical difference in carotid arterial diameter between men and women (6.87 ± 0.75 mm for men, 6.48 ± 0.57 mm for women, p = 0.09). Men did have larger femoral artery diameters than the women (7.05 ± 1.03 mm for men, 5.66 ± 0.88 mm for women, p < 0.001).
Table 1
Subject Characteristics
Men (n = 18)
Women (n = 17)
P value
Age (yrs)
75.1 ± 4.2
74.9 ± 4.1
0.876
Height (cm)
174.6 ± 7.3
161.4 ± 6.2
0.001*
Weight (kg)
81.9 ± 11.5
70.9 ± 10.5
0.005*
BMI (Kg/m2)
26.9 ± 3.0
27.3 ± 5.0
0.732
Six-Minute Walk (m)
589 ± 83
490 ± 86
0.001*
Carotid Blood Flow Responses to Tilt
Men and women had similar carotid artery blood velocities but men had significantly higher carotid blood flows (p < 0.05). In response to tilt, blood flow initially decreased and then returned to normal (Figure 1). There were no significant differences between men and women immediately after tilt (p = 0.429) or after 2 minutes (p = 0.204). When men and women were combined, carotid blood flow decreased by 17% immediately after tilt (p < 0.001) and remained 3.2% below initial values two minutes after tilt (p < 0.001). The average time for carotid blood flow to decrease to a minimum value after tilt was 25.4 ± 13.7 seconds (Figure 2). Carotid diameter did not change throughout the 2 minute tilt test (p > 0.05).
Figure 1
Example of continuous blood velocity measurements in the carotid artery. Values are from a 71 year old female subject. Time zero on the x-axis represents the time when the tilt was performed.
Figure 2
Example of continuous blood velocity measurements in the carotid artery. Values are from a 71 year old female subject. Time zero on the x-axis represents the time when the tilt was performed.
Femoral Blood Flow Responses to Tilt
Women had significantly higher blood velocities at all time points (p < 0.05) but similar blood flow values (again due to the men having larger femoral artery diameters). In response to tilt, femoral artery blood flow decreased initially and remained reduced after two minutes (Figure 3). The initial decrease in femoral artery blood velocity was similar between the men (59%) and women (61%) immediately after tilt and after two minutes (21% for both men and women). With men and women combined the decrease in femoral artery blood flow was highly significant (p < 0.001). The average time for femoral blood flow to decrease to a minimum value after tilt was 37.6 ± 21.5 seconds (Figure 4). Femoral diameter did not change throughout the 2 minute tilt test (p > 0.05).
Figure 3
Example of continuous blood velocity measurements in the femoral artery. Values are from a 71 year old female subject. Time zero on the x-axis represents the time when the tilt was performed.
Figure 4
Femoral blood velocity values after tilt. Femoral blood velocity was significantly reduced immediately and 2 minutes after tilt. However, the effect size was larger immediately after tilt (~58 seconds), than after 2 minutes of tilt. * p < 0.001
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Tilt
Heart rate increased by 15% in men (p < 0.001) and 26% in women (p < 0.001) immediately after the tilt. Women exhibited a significantly greater heart rate response than men immediately after tilt (p = 0.045). Heart rate returned to the initial pre-tilt values within two minutes in both men and women. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses immediately and after two minutes were similar in males and females. Thus, the blood pressure data was grouped together for the men and women for further analyses. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by 25% immediately after tilt (p < 0.001), and by 5% after two minutes of tilt (p = 0.017). Diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by 14% after tilt (p < 0.001) but returned to resting values after two minutes (p = 0.087).
Physical Activity
The average walking distance was 541 meters (range of 320 to 778 meters). Self-reported physical activity averaged 4732 kcal/week (ranged of 1692 to 8892 kcal/week). Frequency of vigorous physical activity averaged 62 minutes/week (range of 27 to 103 minutes). There were no differences in self-reported physical activity between males and females. There were no significant correlations between physical capacity as measured by 6 minute walk time, blood flow, heart rate, or blood pressure responses to tilt. This was true for both men and women. Similarly, there were no significant correlations between the responses to tilt and physical activity levels as measured by kilocalories per week or the number of daily activities (Yale physical activity survey).
Discussion
The main finding of this study was that both carotid and femoral artery blood velocities decreased in response to postural challenge in healthy older adults, with the immediate responses being much greater than the two minute response. Immediate carotid and femoral blood flow responses upon tilt have not been studied well [16]. We found that blood flow reached minimum values approximately 30 seconds after tilt. However, there was a high degree of variability in the time to reach minimum values and more accurate measurements to determine the time course of changes may be useful. Our responses in the carotid artery after two minutes [20, 21] and in the femoral artery after 1 or 2 minutes [22, 23] are similar to those reported in previous studies. Femoral artery blood flow showed significantly larger changes after tilt than the carotid artery.
There were no gender-related differences in blood flow responses to postural challenge. However, some gender differences were seen in blood velocity and artery diameter. Men had larger femoral arteries and women had higher femoral blood velocities compared to the men. There was also a tendency for men to have larger carotid arteries as reported previously [11, 12], although this finding was not significant. Nevertheless, the relative changes in blood velocity and blood flow were similar between men and women in both the carotid and femoral arteries. The lack of gender differences in blood flow response to tilt was unexpected, as previous studies have reported gender differences in response to tilt heart rate, blood pressure, and in sympathetic nerve activity [22, 24]. Females had a greater increase in heart rate than males immediately upon tilt. This response is consistent with literature in which females show higher resting heart rates than males [2], and larger increases in heart rate due to a postural stress [2, 12, 25–28]. Reports by Imadojemu et al. [22] and Morgan et al. [23] also chose to combine their male and female subjects in their presentation of blood flow responses to tilt, supporting our lack of gender differences in blood flow.
Consistent with previous studies, we found that tilt produced transient increases in heart rate [2, 12, 26–29]. The changes in heart rate in our study were lower than some previously reported literature and may be due to a tilt from the waist only [4, 29]. We chose to use a passive tilt test from the waist only to allow measurement of femoral artery blood flow and to minimize the chance of subjects having syncope. Previous studies have shown that whole body tilt tests in frail older subjects can produce syncope in up to 50% of the cases. However, in our study of relatively healthy older adults using only waist tilt, no subjects reported any symptoms of syncope. In addition, there are no reports in the literature investigating immediate responses of blood flow to tilt. This is probably due to the challenging nature of the measurements since this test includes a dynamic measurement of the carotid and femoral arteries. Kojo et al. [16] studied healthy young subjects and pediatric patients suffering from syncope by measuring carotid blood flow after a 60 degree tilt. Most of these young patients (50% of young healthy and 88% of syncopal pediatric patients) also experienced significant decreases in carotid blood flow due to tilt. However, their measurements were collected every minute after tilt during 20 minutes, and did not study the rapid changes of carotid blood flow immediately after tilt in this population [16]. Thus, our study reports measurements in an area that has not been explored extensively, and provides novel results in carotid and femoral blood flow immediately (within seconds) after a 60 degree tilt.
We did not find any associations between physical activity levels or walking distance and the responses to tilt. This was despite finding a large range of fitness levels and activity histories, and using both self-reported activity levels and directly measured walking distances (timed 6 minute walk test). A previous study using the cardiovascular response to a hand cold pressor test suggested that fitness level was inversely related to changes in systolic blood pressure but not to total peripheral vascular resistance [30]. However, this study also found that fitness levels were unrelated to changes in total peripheral vascular resistance in response to the cold pressor test.
Conclusions
In summary, a 60° tilt at the waist produced large changes in carotid and femoral blood flow, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Larger blood flow changes occurred immediately after tilt compared to two minutes after tilt. There were no differences between men and women to a tilt table test except for differences in heart rate response. Tilt at the waist did not produce syncope in any older adults participating in this study, which is common problem in this population if whole body tilt is used. Thus, this study demonstrated that immediate blood flow responses after a modified tilt table test are attainable. This method could prove to be a useful tool for determining cardiovascular disease risk with further research and development. Another interesting observation is that since we only acquired information on the common carotid artery blood flow, the results may be blunted due to the nature of this artery, where the blood is carried to various regions of the head (e.g. eye, brain). Perhaps the monitoring of the internal carotid artery alone would provide even more valid information on how blood flow to the brain is affected during a postural stress such as tilt.
Author's contributions
VC participated in the study design and data collection, coordinated the study, carried out the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. JO coordinated the study and data collection, carried out the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. LS participated in data collection and coordination of the study. CB participated in data collection and coordination of the study. KM participated in the study design, coordinated the study, carried out the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
List of abbreviations
TAMAX:
Time average maximum velocity
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the volunteers that participated in this study. Financial support provided by NIH grant HL65179
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Exercise Science, University of Georgia
(2)
Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Florida
(3)
Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center
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