Table 1 Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and oxygen uptake () for each form of exercise

Passive weight-bearing lower limb exercise

0.8 Hz

74.0 ± 2.88

135.5 ± 3.01

6.43 ± 0.29***

1.2 Hz

77.4 ± 2.74

135.8 ± 3.99

8.04 ± 0.54***

1.6 Hz

83.6 ± 3.12

141.6 ± 4.20

9.97 ± 0.80***

Simulated horse riding exercise

0.8 Hz

72.6 ± 5.20

131.0 ± 3.21

5.10 ± 0.28

1.2 Hz

75.5 ± 4.84

131.7 ± 3.31

5.90 ± 0.29

1.4 Hz

76.2 ± 4.73

135.7 ± 2.86

6.92 ± 0.33

Bicycle exercise

20 watts

81.0 ± 4.31

126.1 ± 5.05

9.85 ± 0.35 #

40 watts

88.3 ± 4.17

129.7 ± 5.68

12.3 ± 0.34

60 watts

95.6 ± 4.22

134.0 ± 5.85

15.6 ± 0.61

80 watts

103.6 ± 4.56

138.8 ± 6.17

19.3 ± 0.61

Walking exercise

2 km/h

79.2 ± 3.47

135.2 ± 4.86

9.60 ± 0.34 #

3 km/h

82.9 ± 3.11

136.7 ± 4.58

11.1 ± 0.38

4 km/h

88.0 ± 2.98

138.5 ± 5.58

13.2 ± 0.50

5 km/h

95.2 ± 2.96

144.7 ± 6.44

16.5 ± 0.73

6 km/h

104.7 ± 3.52

148.3 ± 7.11

20.8 ± 0.70

(Mean ± SE)